元音及其字母组合详解
1. [ æ ]作为字母a的短音形式，主要关联于以a为核心发音的词汇及字母组合。
a: add black habit
air: air hair repair
are: care dare
ary: scary salary
2. [ e ]是字母e的短音表达，常见于以e为核心的字母组合。
e: egg then seven
ea: head breakfast
ear: pear bear
eir: their heir
ere: there where
关于a与e的短音发音，需特别注意区分，例如：
bad—bed had—head air—heir
bare—bear ware—wear—where
3. 与[ ɪ ] [ i ]音相关的字母包括e、i、y及其组合形式。
e: enough begin jacket be
i: is in fish family
y: gym physical happy
ee: sleep bee deer
ea: eat read sea ear
ei: ceiling seize foreign
ey: key monkey valley honey
ie: piece field
ui: build guilt
需特别注意的是，在busy和minute等词汇中，u字母呈现轻读状态，发音为[ i ]。
字母e的长音在国际音标中标注为[ i:]。实际上，元音的长短发音具有相对性，任何元音都可以延长发音，专门标注长音反而会简化发音规则。因此，国际音标体系中，[ i:]、[ ɔ:]、[ u:]、[ ə:]等长音符号均可与相应短音归为一类。
4. [ ɒ ][ ɔ ]是字母o的短音形式，常见于以o为核心的字母组合，同时a在w前后、u或l前、qu后也可发出此音。
o: often shop doctor morning
oar: roar board
oor: floor door
our: four your
ore: more before
a: awful saw water watch autumn fault always talk call quarrel squash
5. [ ʌ ]作为字母u的短音，主要与u及ou组合相关，字母o在特定条件下（如m、n、v、th前）也会发此音。
u: us sun supper
ou: touch cousin
o: come son love other color
oo: blood flood
6. [ ʊ ][u]与o、u、w及其组合形式相关。
o: woman wolf do who
u: ruler blue June super sure
oe: shoe canoe
oo: food classroom poor
ou: you soup tour through
ui: fruit juice
ew: blew crew
7. [ ə ]主要与字母r及其组合相关。
r: hard here more fire pure sure
er: her serve teacher clever
ir: bird first dirty stir
ur: nurse curtain fur blur
ar: sugar liar
or: forget actor word work
ear: early learn
ure: picture nature
our: journey honour
当元音字母在单词中轻读时，常发为[ ə ]音，在L和N前甚至可能完全不发音。
salad[ˈsæləd] again [əˈɡen]
open [ˈəʊpən] polite [pəˈlaɪt]
focus [ˈfəʊkəs] social[ˈsəʊʃ(ə)l]
musician [mjuˈzɪʃ(ə)n] travel [ˈtræv(ə)l]
seven[ˈsev(ə)n] evil[ˈiv(ə)l]
symbol [‘sɪmb(ə)l] nation[ˈneɪʃ(ə)n]
useful [ˈjuːsf(ə)l] fortune[ˈfɔrtʃ(ə)n]
8.[ a: ]主要与字母a及其组合相关，ou和ow中的o有时也会发此音。
a: after ask grass plant dance fast father half sofa China
ar: arm car star garden
au: laugh aunt
ear: heart hearth
ou: our house about round
ow: owl down flower how now
[ a: ]并非特指长音，仅因缺乏更合适的音标符号而使用。此音与[ ʌ ]发音接近，开口大小是主要区别。
9. [ eɪ ][ ei ]作为字母a的长音形式，常见于以a为核心的字母组合。
a: ate name lazy
ai: aim wait again
ay: day away today
ea: great break
ei: eight reign
ey: hey they
10. [ aɪ ][ ai ]是字母i和y的长音形式。
i: idea nice child tiger
y: type style by fly
ie: tie pie
uy: buy guy
igh: high light
11. [ əʊ ][ əu ]作为字母o的长音形式，常见于以o为核心的字母组合。
o: old only nose most both don’t zero hello
oa: oat boat soap
ou: foul though
ow: own bowl show window
12. [ ju: ]作为字母u的长音形式，主要与u及eu组合相关。
u:use cute tune fume
eu: Europe neural
ew: new few hew
13. [ ɔɪ ] [ ɔi ]为oi和oy组合的发音。
oi: oil point
oy: boy toy
此音在国际音标中称为双元音，实为o短音与i或y短音的结合。保留此音标是因为在名词复数和动词单三形式中需要使用。
辅音及其字母组合详解
1. [ p ] perfect paper apple ship
2. [ b ] big bubble cab speak sport
3. [ t ] team little hat doubt
4. [ d ] dog middle told stop start
5. [ k ] cake coat cut music make kind lucky pocket back characer technology stomach Iraq
6. [ g ] good begin leg ghost scale schedule sky
7. [ f ] fish breakfast roof cough laugh photo elephant
8. [ v ] very clever leave
9. [ s ] suit upside those has face decide cycle scscle
10. [ z ] zoo puzzle size jazz eas does
11. [ θ ] thank method cloth
12. [ ð ] these father with clothe
13.[ ʃ ] ship fish nation tension social chef machine schedule
14. [ ʒ ] pleasure vision
15. [ tʃ ] children teach watch picture question
16. [ dʒ ] joke German giraffe gym orange bridge
17. [ tr ] tree country interest history
18. [ dr ] drink children strtrike
19. [ ts ] shirts meets
20. [ dz ] hands pads
21. [ m ] milk yummy some dim
22. [ n ] not funny shine ten know sign
23. [ ŋ ] hang sing song young ink thank
24. [ h ] have hot who whole
25. [ r ] rat red ring rot rush rate read ride rose rule write wrong rhino rhythm
26. [ l ] land world until little
27. [ w ] wall swim flew what while
28. [ j ] yam yes your young yard year you
29. [ ks ] exit box
30. [ gz ] exam exit
31. [ kw ] quake queen quite quote quack quell quit quod