对于许多英语母语者和非母语者而言,完成时态并非易事,它常常让学习者感到困惑。本文旨在将完成时态拆解为更小的单元,以便读者能够更轻松地掌握其用法。
实用指南
现在完成时的时间标志
通过since与特定年份或时期连用,例如:since 2002 / since I was a child使用for来表示持续的时间长度,例如:for twenty years在疑问句和否定句中运用ever和yet,例如:Have you ever / hasn’t been yetalready和never通常用于have/has与主要动词之间,例如:has already finished / have just been在句末或疑问句中可以见到before, since, for, already, many times, so far, yet等时间标志,例如:Have you been there before?现在完成时主要用于描述过去发生且与现在仍有联系的行为。
Rani has broken her arm.(她过去摔断了胳膊,现在胳膊仍然不便使用。)它也可以用来描述一个在过去开始,并持续到现在,或者像一般现在时那样按习惯发生的行为。
The girls have played tennis at the club since 2005. (他们从2005年开始在那里打网球,至今仍在继续。但这并不意味着他们现在正在打球。)现在完成时还可以用来描述过去重复发生的多次行为。
I‘ve already made several calls.(到目前为止)
过去的具体时间点并不重要,重要的是该行为已经发生。
注意:时间标志——现在完成时
应避免使用与一般过去时相同的时间标志,如yesterday, a week ago, last night。相反,可以使用ever, never, since, for, already, many times, before, so far, yet等非特定时间标志。
现在完成时的典型句式
构建一个现在完成时的典型句子,需要选择一个主语(动作的执行者),加上助动词has或have,然后是动词的过去分词形式,最后加上句子的其他部分。
规则动词的过去分词形式与一般过去时的形式相似:
EX. walk > walked / study > studied / stop > stopped / create > created
英语中存在许多不规则动词,记住它们对于掌握现在完成时至关重要。
注意:Has Had——这个动词组合常常导致混淆。例如,在句子”I have had enough of your complaining!”中,have是助动词,had是主要动词to Have的过去分词。虽然看起来有些不寻常,但这在语法上是正确的。
现在完成时的缩略形式
通常,我们将主语(动作的执行者)与have的形式结合:
I have > I’ve – I’ve used those images before.He has > He’s / She has > She’s / It has > It’s – He’s already had the surgery.We have > We’ve / You have > You’ve / They are > They’ve – We’ve just gotten home.你可能已经注意到,第三人称单数(he, she, it)的缩略形式与现在进行时相似。你可以通过结合动词的过去分词形式和句子的上下文来区分它们:he is > he ‘s eating now / he has > He’s eaten dinner already
当你需要强调时,使用完整形式。在口语中,你应该强调have/has。
He has sung that song. I know he has.
现在完成时的否定句
拼写提示
在缩写否定句的助动词have/has时,只需去掉not中的o并加括号(‘)
has not > hasn’t
have not > haven’t
构建否定句时,我们通常使用hasn ‘t或haven ‘t,后接动词的过去分词形式。当你需要强调时,可以保留完整形式(has not和have not)。在口语中,要重读not。
I haven’t eaten at that restaurant in a long time.Jim hasn’t worked on Fridays since he joined the company.My friends haven’t ever gone to France.I have not forgiven you!现在完成时的Yes/No疑问句
构建一个只需回答是或否的问题,通常以Have或Has开头,然后是主语(动作的执行者)和动词的过去分词形式,最后是句子的其他部分。
Have you ever gone ice skating?Has Jerry presented his ideas to the CEO yet?现在完成时的Wh疑问句
Wh-问题需要更多的信息来回答。常见的Wh-词包括what, where, when, why, who, how, how many, how much。
构建一个Wh-question,首先以wh-word开头,然后是have或has,接着是主语(动作的执行者),再是动词的过去分词形式,最后是句子的其他部分。
When have I ever lied to you?Why has Tanya left the country?How much money have you spent so far?现在完成时的反义疑问句
反义疑问句是在句尾添加的简短疑问句,用于确认对方是否理解你的意思或强调你的陈述。
它们由一个完整的现在完成时句子构成,后接haven ‘t或hasn ‘t,再加一个代词(I, you, we, They, he, she, it)和一个问号。
现在完成时的例子-反义疑问句:
John has known her for a couple of years, hasn’t he?They have been in business since 1980, haven’t they?当你使用否定句时,也可以添加一个肯定的反义疑问句。
Keisha hasn’t spoken to you yet, has she?Those kids have never played rugby, have they?规则是:当句子为肯定时,反义疑问句为否定;当句子为否定时,反义疑问句为肯定。
练习-基础现在完成时
根据例子,填写正确的现在完成时形式。
Dan has worked in that company for 12 years. (work)Have you heard the news? (hear)The boys have never eaten sushi. (eat)Daniel ____ that video clip at least twenty times. (see)The workers _______ a break in 4 hours. (not have)We ___________ them regularly over the last few years. (visit)_______ Ella _______ her driving test yet? (pass)Roger _______ to Mexico several times since 2002.(be)They______ to each other in ages, _______ they? (not speak)Why _______ Mathew _______his job? (quit)______the nurses ______ on strike again? (go)________ they ______ the post yet? (not deliver)I _____ already_______ you the answer. (tell)答案:1.has seen 2.haven’t had3.have visited 4.Has/passed 5.has been6.haven’t spoken/have 7.has/quit 8.Have/gone9.Haven’t/delivered 10 .have/ told