亦称
让我们先观察一个例句：
James Brown, 亦称“灵魂教父”，是我非常崇拜的音乐家。
詹姆斯·布朗，亦被称为“灵魂教父”，是我的音乐偶像之一。
A.K.A 是“亦称又名 also know as”的英文缩写形式。
那么，这句话可以改写为：
James Brown, Also know as “the Godfather of Soul,” is one of my musical heroes.
等等
例句：
We talked about the contract,payment,etc.
我们就合约、付款方式等事宜进行了深入的讨论。
Extreme skaters perform jumps, spins, flips, etc.
极限滑板运动员能够完成跳跃、旋转、空翻等各种高难度动作。
etc 是拉丁语 “et cetera”的缩写形式，其含义为“等等/诸如此类”，与“and so on”表达的意思相同。
这两句话可以表述为：
We talked about the contract,payment,and so on.
Extreme skaters perform jumps, spins, flips, and so on.
比如
例句：
The Summer Olympics is composed of a variety of sports (e.g., gymnastics, swimming, and tennis).
夏季奥运会包含了多种多样的运动项目（比如体操、游泳和网球）。
e.g. 是拉丁语“Exempli gratia”的缩写形式，其意义为“比如/打比方”，与“such as”、“for example”所表达的含义一致。
这一句可以改写为：
The Summer Olympics is composed of a variety of sports (such as gymnastics, swimming, and tennis).
The Summer Olympics is composed of a variety of sports (for example， gymnastics, swimming, and tennis).
具体是指
例句：
Only one city, i.e., London, has hosted the Summer Olympics three times.
只有一个城市，即伦敦，曾经举办过三次夏季奥林匹克运动会。
i.e是拉丁语“id est”的缩写形式，表示“具体是指”、“详细说明”，与“that is”、“specifically”、“namely”所传达的意思相同。
因此，这句话可以改写为：
Only one city, that is London, has hosted the Summer Olympics three times.
Only one city, specifically London, has hosted the Summer Olympics three times.
Only one city, namely London, has hosted the Summer Olympics three times.