In the multifaceted universe of optical plastics, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) stand as quintessential materials, each with distinct characteristics. PMMA, widely recognized for its clarity and durability, is often employed in applications requiring high transparency and impact resistance, such as eyewear and display screens. Polystyrene, on the other hand, is valued for its affordability and ease of processing, making it a common choice for disposable optical components. Beyond these, polycarbonate (PC) emerges as another critical player, noted for its exceptional strength and resistance to UV radiation, which finds extensive use in automotive and safety glass. Exploring these materials within a four-fold contextual framework—historical development, material science principles, industrial applications, and environmental impact—reveals a rich tapestry of innovation and challenge. Historically, PMMA revolutionized the optical industry with its introduction, while PS offered a cost-effective alternative. The advent of PC further expanded possibilities, addressing needs for enhanced durability. Material science principles underpin their unique properties, such as refractive indices and thermal stability, while industrial applications highlight their versatility. Environmental considerations, however, introduce complexities, as the persistence of these plastics in ecosystems demands sustainable solutions. Thus, the study of optical plastics in this multidimensional context not only underscores their technological significance but also emphasizes the need for responsible material management.